|
| About the Diseases |
|
Bloat is overdistension of the rumenoreticulum with gases of fermentation |
| Causes |
|
- Prevention of coalescence of the small gas bubbles and entrapment of the normal gases of fermentation.
- Production of stable foam.
- Frothiness of ruminal contents.
- Lush, young pastures and leaves containing high concentration of soluble protein and dominated legume plants particularly alfalfa, red and white clovers and occurs with grazing of young green cereal crops, rape, turnips and legume vegetable crops.
- Feeding of high quality hay.
- Feeding of high grain diet.
- Feeding of the finely ground feed.
- Physical obstruction to eructation occurs in esophageal obstruction caused by a foreign body, pressure outside the esophagus and obstruction of cardia.
|
| SYMPTOMS |
|
| Clinical symptoms |
|
- Obvious distention of the rumen and entire abdomen.
- Discomfort with the animal may stand and lying down frequently, kicking at its abdomen and rolling.
- Sudden death with distended abdomen.
- Dyspnea and grunting accompanied by mouth breathing
- Protrusion of the tongue and extension of the head.
|
| MANAGEMENT METHODS |
| |
| Suggested first aid |
|
- The passage of a stomach tube or trocarization to release large quantities of gas.
- An incision of about 10-20 cm in length over the left paralumbar fossa through the skin, abdominal musculature and directly into the rumen.
- A stick is tied in the mouth like a bit to promote the production of excessive saliva.
- Administration of antifoaming agents such as vegetable oils (peanut, corn, soybean) and mineral oils (paraffin) at doses of 80-250 ml.
|
| Prevention and Control measures |
|
- The pasture should be free from leguminous fodders and bloat producing plants.
- Feeding hay before turning cattle on pasture.
- Maintaining grass dominance in the sward or using strip grazing to restrict intake.
- Allowing animals on well grown mature pastures than immature or rapidly growing pastures.
- Grass- legume mixture with a legume content of 50% is suggested as the maximum bloat safe level.
- Prevention of high energy and high protein supplement.
- Drenching of 60-120 ml of antifoaming agents twice daily (at milking times).
- Feedlot rations should contain at least 10-15% cut or chopped roughage mixed into the complete feed. Preferably the roughage should be a cereal, grain straw, grass hay.
- Grains should be rolled or cracked, not finely ground.
- Pelleted rations made from finely ground grain should be avoided.
|
| About the Diseases |
|
- Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa resulting in diarrhea, dysentery, abdominal pain and varying degrees of dehydration and acid- base imbalance.
|
| Causes |
|
- The enteropathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and helminths, chemical and toxins.
|
| Clinical symptoms |
|
- Diarrhea
- Dehydration, abdominal pain, septicemia and toxemia with fever.
- Feces are soft or fluid in consistency and unpleasant odor.
- Contain blood, mucus/ foreign materials like sand.
- Color of feces is pale yellow and sometimes frank blood.
- Distribution of the feces on animal’s perineum.
|
| MANAGEMENT METHODS |
| |
| Preventive measures |
|
- Ensure adequate non specific resistance by adequate colostrums intake.
- Vaccinate for those diseases for which there is an effective vaccine.
|
| Control measures |
|
- Reduce infection pressure.
- Minimize Managemental and environmental stressors.
|
| About disease |
|
- This condition is inflammation of teat due to entry of pathogens into teat.
- It most commonly occurs in milch animals.
- It is due to unhygienic measures and environment.
- This causes no change in colour and consistency of milk.
- Untreated teat results in complete destruction of teat.
|
| Clinical symptoms |
|
- Affected teat initially shows reddening and swelling of teat.
- Infection progress leads to inflammation of teat.
- Decreased milk production.
- Severe infection leads to destruction of affected teat.
|
| Prevention and control measures |
|
- The animal’s environment should be clean and hygienic.
- The floor of the milch animal should be periodically cleaned with antiseptic solution.
- The milker’s hand should be clean before each milking.
- The dipping of teat after each milking may be effective in preventing entry of pathogens into teat.
- Affected animals should be given with earlier treatment to avoid destruction of teat.
- Affected animal’s teat should be treated with qualified veterinary doctor.
|
Traumatic Reticulo Peritonitis (TRP) |
| About disease |
|
- This is a disease condition commonly occurring in dairy animals by ingestion of hard objectives like nail, wire and iron materials through feed.
- These hard objectives after ingestion enter into the stomach and reach the reticulum and pierce the peritoneum and enter into the heart.
- The pregnant animals mostly affected than non pregnant animals.
- Most of this condition results in guarded prognosis.
|
| Causes |
|
- Caused by the ingestion and migration of a foreign body in the reticulum.
- The feed with hard objectives like nail, wires, hair pins, stitching needles and other piercing needles.
- Allowing the animals in pastures mixed with like these hard objectives.
|
| Clinical symptoms |
|
- Fever
- Anorexia
- An arched stance with abducted elbows
- Muffled heart sounds
- Jugular pulses
- Brisket edema
- Decreased milk production
|
| Diagnostic tests |
|
- Positive stasis test in affected animal- Stagnation of blood on either side of point of application of pressure.
- Negative stasis test in Normal Animal-Stagnation of blood on one side of point of application of pressure.
- Animal movement test- Affected animals will reluctant to move in slopes from up to down and move very slowly with difficulty in walk.
|
| Prevention and Control measures |
|
- Feed is the main root cause and it should be free from any wires, nails and metallic objects.
- Animal houses and surroundings should be free from wires, nails, metallic objects and hardware materials.
- Cattle should be kept away from construction sites.
- Crop fields should be monitored for metal debris.
- Processed feed passed over magnets to recover any magnetic foreign bodies prior to being fed to cattle.
- In early stages, it may be consulted and treated by qualified veterinarian.
- In advanced stage, prognosis is guarded.
|
|
